Dress por litio: reporte de un caso pediátrico / Lithium dress: a pediatric case report / Dress por Lítio: relato de caso pediátrico

La reacción a medicamentos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos denominada DRESS(por sus siglas en inglés, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) hace parte de un amplio espectro denominado toxicodermias. La incidencia exacta no es conocida en niños; sin embargo, en la literatura se ha estimado una tasa de mortalidad que puede llegar a ser tan alta como el 10 %. Presentamos el caso de una paciente adolescente con antecedente personal de trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB), quien recibía de forma ambulatoria sertralina, quetiapina y trazodona. Por presencia de alucinaciones se adicionó litio al manejo. Diez días después acude al servicio de urgencias por aparición de erupción cutánea y síntomas sistémicos, por lo que se sospechó un cuadro clínico secundario a hipersensibilidad a los medicamentos.

The reaction to drugs with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms called DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) is part of a broad spectrum called toxicodermias. The exact incidence is not known in children; However, a mortality rate that can be as high as 10% has been estimated in the literature. We present the case of a teenage patient with a personal history of bipolar affective disorder (BD), who received sertraline, quetiapine and trazodone on an outpatient basis. Due to the presence of hallucinations, lithium was added to the management. Ten days later she went to the emergency department due to the appearance of a skin rash and systemic symptoms, for which a clinical condition secondary to hypersensitivity to medications was suspected.

A reação a medicamentos com eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos denominada DRESS (Por suas siglas em inglês Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) faz parte de um amplo espectro denominado toxicodermias. A incidência exata não é conhecida em crianças; No entanto, uma taxa de mortalidade que pode chegar a 10% foi estimada na literatura. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente adolescente com história pessoal de transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB), que recebeu sertralina, quetiapina e trazodona em regime ambulatorial. Devido à presença de alucinações, foi adicionado lítio ao manejo. Dez dias depois, recorreu ao pronto-socorro devido ao aparecimento de erupção cutânea e sintomas sistêmicos, suspeitando-se de quadro clínico secundário a hipersensibilidade a medicamentos.

Síndrome Dress relacionada ao uso de Alopurinol: relato de caso / Dress Syndrome related to the use of allopurinol: case report

A síndrome DRESS é uma reação adversa a medicamentos pouco conhecida dentro da prática clínica, porém com grande potencial de letalidade devido a combinação de manifestações cutâneas e envolvimento de múltiplos órgãos. Objetivo: identificar possíveis reações adversas graves e incomuns secundárias ao uso de medicações usadas frequentemente na prática clínica. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de caso construído com base em levantamento de dados do prontuário do paciente e análise a partir de um referencial teórico para comprovação de sua relevância na prática clínica. Resultado: Enfatizou-se a importância de um reconhecimento precoce dessa condição, a fim de evitar desfechos graves

The DRESS syndrome is an adverse drug reaction that is unsual in clinical practice, but with a high potential for lethality, due to the combination of cutaneous manifestations and involvement of multiple organs. Objective: identify possible serious and unusual adverse reactions secondary to the use of medications frequently used in clinical practice. Methods: This is a case report built on the basis of data collection from the patient's medical record and analysis from a theoretical framework to prove its source in clinical practice. Outcome: The importance of early recognition of this condition was emphasized, in order to avoid serious outcomes

Avaliação da morfologia hepática em ratos após administração do ranelato de estrôncio / Evaluation of hepatic morphology in rats after administration of strontium ranelate

Introdução: o fármaco ranelato de estrôncio (RE) é muito utilizado na terapêutica profilática e no controle da osteoporose. Age sistemicamente diminuindo a reabsorção e aumentando a formação óssea, apresentando eventos adversos pouco esclarecidos na literatura, à exemplo a síndrome DRESS com envolvimento hepático. Objetivo: avaliar a morfologia hepática em ratos norvegicus albinus após administração do RE. Metodologia: estudo experimental com 10 ratos, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, Grupo Controle (GC), sem administração do RE, e Grupo Ranelato de Estrôncio (GRE), ambos acompanhados durante 15 dias, e, em seguida, sacrificados e o fígado de cada animal colocado para fixação no solução de formaldeído a 4% durante 48 horas. Após essa etapa, foram realizados os procedimentos necessários à análise pela microscopia óptica, com lâminas coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina, e picrosirius red.Resultados: nos GC e GRE foram encontradas alterações similares, como reação ductular, dilatação sinusoidal e fibrose perissinusoidal, com intensidades distintas entre os grupos, sendo a reação ductular mais proeminente no GC, e a dilatação sinusoidal e fibrose perissinusoidal mais pronunciada no GRE. Além disso, no GC foram evidenciados achados inflamatórios, como presença de infiltrado inflamatório misto e hiperplasia de células de Kupffer, não visualizados no GRE, implicando numa possível ação anti-inflamatória do RE. Conclusão: pode-se concluir que foram visualizadas diferenças nos achados morfológicos do parênquima hepático dos ratos tratados com o RE em comparação aos não tratados, ainda que esses achados não sejam suficientes para inferir a incidência de um processo patológico característico, como cirrose ou hepatite.

Introduction: the drug strontium ranelate (SR) is widely used in prophylactic therapy and in the control of osteoporosis. It acts by reducing reabsorption and increasing bone formation systemically, presenting unclear adverse events in the literature, such as the DRESS syndrome with hepatic involvement. Objective: to evaluate hepatic morphology in norvegicus albinus rats after SR administration. Methodology: experimental group with 10 rats, divided into two groups, randomly distributed, five from the Control Group (CG), without SR administration, and the other five from the Strontium Ranelate Group (SRG), both followed for 15 days, and then sacrificed and the liver of each animal placed for fixation in 4% formalin for 48 hours. After this step, the procedures necessary for the analysis by optical microscopy were performed, with blades stained by hematoxylin e eosin, and picrosirius red. Results: in CG and SRG, similar alterations were observed, such as ductular reaction, sinusoidal dilatation and perissinusoidal fibrosis, with distinct intensities between the groups, being the ductular reaction more prominent in the CG, and sinusoidal dilation and a perissinusoidal fibrosis more pronounced in the SRG. In addition, in the CG were evidenced inflammatory findings such as the presence of mixed inflammatory infiltrate and Kupffer cell hyperplasia, not visualized in the SRG, implying a possible anti-inflammatory action of SR. Conclusion: it can be concluded that differences were observed in the morphological findings of the hepatic parenchyma of rats treated with SR compared to untreated rats, although these findings are not sufficient to infer the incidence of a characteristic pathological process, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.

Síndrome DRESS asociado a fármacos antituberculosos / DRESS syndrome associated with antituberculous drugs

RESUMEN El síndrome DRESS es una farmacodermia grave, potencialmente fatal, que se caracteriza por eosinofilia periférica y compromiso sistémico. Los fármacos implicados con mayor frecuencia comprenden anticonvulsivantes, alopurinol, sulfasalazina y antivirales. Otros, como antibióticos, AINES y antituberculosos, también se han reportado como agentes causantes. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de pleuresía tuberculosa, que recibió tratamiento con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol. A los 15 días desarrolló un exantema cutáneo febril, con compromiso hepático, pulmonar y hemodinámico, que requirió cuidados intensivos. Se suspendió el tratamiento y se administraron corticoides, con buena evolución.

ABSTRACT DRESS syndrome is a serious, potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction, characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, and systemic compromise. The most frequently implicated drugs include anticonvulsants, allopurinol, sulfazalazine and antivirals. Others, such as antibiotics, NSAIDs and antituberculosis agents, have also been reported as causative agents. We present the clinical case of a 31-year-old male patient, diagnosed with pleural tuberculosis, who was treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Fifteen days after he developed a febrile skin rash, with hepatic, pulmonary and hemodynamic involvement, which required intensive care. The treatment was suspended and corticosteroids were administered, with favorable evolution.

Síndrome DRESS / DRESS syndrome

Resumen: El síndrome DRESS es un reacción de hipersensibilidad a fármacos severa e idiosincrásica, caracterizada por exantema, fiebre, adenopatías, alteraciones hematológicas y afectación de varios órganos. La heterogeneidad de la manifestación clínica representa un desafío diagnóstico para el médico clínico, se requiere alto índice de sospecha y descartar un amplio espectro de diagnósticos diferenciales. Las reacciones cutáneas asociadas con fármacos pueden ser cuadros potencialmente mortales, el diagnóstico oportuno puede modificar el pronóstico del paciente. Describimos el cuadro clínico y tratamiento de un paciente de 15 años con insuficiencia renal crónica que fue hospitalizado por lesiones morbiliformes generalizadas concomitantes con fiebre, linfadenopatías, esplenomegalia y eosinofilia. Descartar procesos infecciosos, autoinmunitarios y neoplásicos fue posible con estudios complementarios; el antecedente de ingestión reciente de alopurinol y los datos clínicos y de laboratorio permitieron establecer el diagnóstico definitivo de síndrome DRESS. El paciente recibió corticoesteroides tópicos y sistémicos, las manifestaciones clínicas revirtieron a partir de la segunda semana de hospitalización. Se insiste en la importancia de la identificación de factores de riesgo asociados con la aparición de este síndrome.

Abstract: Dress syndrome is a severe and idiosyncratic reaction of hypersensitivity to drugs, characterized by rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, hematological alterations and systemic compromise, the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation represents a diagnostic challenge for the clinician, a high clinical suspicion is required and the need to rule out a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses. Cutaneous reactions associated with drugs can be potentially fatal, early diagnosis can modify the patient's prognosis. We describe the clinical case and treatment of a 15-year-old male patient with chronic renal failure who was hospitalized for generalized morbilliform lesions associated with fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and eosinophilia. Complementary studies ruled out infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic processes; the antecedent of recent intake of allopurinol together with clinical and laboratory data allowed to establish a definitive diagnosis of DRESS syndrome. Patient received topical and systemic corticosteroids, clinical manifestations reverted from the second week of hospitalization. We emphasize the importance of identifying risk factors associated with the development of this syndrome.

Síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos debido a la carbamazepina: Caso pediátrico / Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms due to carbamazepine: Pediatric case

Entre las reacciones medicamentosas graves en la piel, se encuentran el síndrome de Stevens-Johnson, la necrólisis epidérmica tóxica y el síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms; DRESS, por sus siglas en inglés), que son poco comunes en la población pediátrica (incidencia: 1/1000-10 000 niños), sin embargo, tienen mal pronóstico. El síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos consiste en erupciones cutáneas, alteraciones hematológicas, linfadenopatía y afectación de órganos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 12 años que desarrolló esta patología después de iniciar el tratamiento anticonvulsivo con carbamazepina. Se considera que es importante que el personal de la salud tenga conocimiento de esta enfermedad para que sea incluida entre los diagnósticos diferenciales de pacientes con afecciones similares, ya que este síndrome es potencialmente mortal.

Severe skin reactions include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, which are uncommon in the pediatric population (incidence 1/1000-10 000 children), but they have bad prognosis. Drug-sensitive Syndrome with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms consists in rash, hematological abnormalities, lymphadenopathy and organ involvement. We report the case of a 12-year-old male patient who developed this pathology after initiating anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine. We consider that it is important to be aware of this disease and to include it among the differential diagnoses in patients with similar conditions because this syndrome is life-threatening.

Síndrome DRESS y necrólisis epidérmica tóxica por el uso de lamotrigina: a propósito de dos casos / DRESS syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Due to Lamotrigine: a Report of Two Cases

Las reacciones adversas cutáneas a medicamentos (RACM) son una variedad de las múltiples reacciones adversas a los medicamentos (RAM). El Síndrome DRESS es una de ellas y está caracterizada por rash cutáneo, afectación de vísceras y eosinofilia. La Necrólisis Epidérmica Tóxica (NET) o Síndrome de Lyell es otra afección dentro del grupo de las RACM, parecida al Síndrome de Stevens Johnson (SSJ), del cual se diferencia por la extensión de las lesiones cutáneas en más de 30% de la piel. Estas reacciones adversas pueden ser causadas por una variedad de medicamentos entre ellos los antiepilépticos y la asociación de la Lamotrigina con el Ácido Valproico, por acumulación y alargamiento de la vida media del primero. Se presenta el caso de una niña con el antecedente de haber sido tratada con antiepilépticos, entre ellos el Ácido Valproico y que luego de 15 días de ser introducida la Lamotrigina, presentó rash cutáneo, fiebre, alteración de las enzimas hepáticas y eosinofilia importante, cumpliendo los criterios diagnósticos de Síndrome DRESS. El segundo caso corresponde a un niño que estando en tratamiento con antiepilépticos, entre ellos Ácido Valproico se le agregó Lamotrigina por una Epilepsia de difícil control y 20 días después presentó lesiones de piel con afectación de mucosas que se fueron agravando, requiriendo internación en UTI, el cuadro clínico fue compatible con NET. Ambos pacientes tuvieron una evolución favorable .

Adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDR) are one of many types of adverse drug reactions (ADR). DRESS syndrome is one of these, and is characterized by askin rash organ involvement, andeo sinophilia. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), or Lyell's syndrome, is another disease of the ACDR group, andis similar to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), from which TEN is differentiated by the extension of cutaneous lesions to more than 30% of the skin. These adverse reactions can becaused by avariey of medications, among them anticonvulsiveand use of lamotrigine with valproic acid, due to a resulting increased accumulation and half-life of the lamotrigine. We present the case of a female child previous lyt reated with anti convulsives,including valproic acid, who at 15 days after introduction of lamotrigine presented skinrash, fever, altered liver enzymes, and significant eosinophilia, thereby meeting the diagnostic criteria for DRESS syndrome. The second caseis that o famale child in treatment withant convulsive sincludig valproicacid, to which lamotrigine wasadded duetoo refractory epilepsy, and who 20 days later presented skin lesions with mucosal involvment which worsened with symptoms compatible with TEN and required ICU hospitalization. Both patients progressed favorably.

Síndrome DRESS (SD) / Drug Rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptom Syndrome

El síndrome DRESS (SD) es una entidad poco frecuente causada por una reacción adversa a un fármaco cuyo mecanismo patogénico es desconocido. El compromiso varíadesde manifestaciones cutáneas hasta gran compromiso sistémico. Objetivos: Presentación de tres casos clínicos y revisión bibliográfica. Caso clínico: Reportamos tres pacientes, femeninas, de 25 a 31 años, con SD internadas en el servicio de clínica médica de nuestro hospital. En todas ellas existía el antecedente de la ingesta de anticonvulsivantes debido a patología psiquiátrica y neurológica. Se presentaron con el mismo cuadro clínico: exantema morbiliforme, enantema y solo dos pacientespresentaron fiebre. Se indicó suspender el fármaco causal en todos los casos e iniciar tratamiento con corticoides sistémicos y antihistamínicos, sumado a las medidas generales de soportevital. La evolución fue favorable en los tres casos con buena respuesta al tratamiento con glucocorticoides.Discusión: El SD es un síndrome de hipersensibilidad a drogas, potencialmente mortal. Las manifestaciones clínicas y humoraleslo distinguen de otras farmacodermias. Por el compromiso sistémico, es importante saber diagnosticar este cuadro. La suspensión precoz del fármaco responsable es la medidaterapéutica más eficaz para evitar la progresión del daño orgánico así como también el uso de glucocorticoides, siendo este último prioritario en situaciones de afectación sistémica,como pudimos comprobar en nuestros pacientes...

DRESS syndrome (SD) is a rare condition caused by an adverse reaction to a drug which pathogenic mechanism is unknown. The severity varies from cutaneous to large systemicpresentation. Objectives: Presentation of three study cases and literaturereview. Case Report: We report three female patients from 25 to 31 years of age, with SD admitted at the clinical service of our hospital. All of them showed intake of anticonvulsants due topsychiatric and neurological disorders. They showed the same symptoms: morbilliform rash, enanthem and only two patients with fever. It was suggested to suspend the medication inquestion in all cases and start treatment with systemic corticosteroids and antihistamines, coupled with the general life support measures. The outcome was successful in all three cases with good response to treatment with glucocorticoids. Discussion: The SD is a drug hypersensitivity syndrome,potentially fatal. Clinical and humeral manifestations distinguish this syndrome from other drug-induced skin disorders. It is important to diagnose this condition due to its systemicpresentation. Early cessation of the drug-causing disease is the most effective therapeutic measure to prevent progression of organ damage as well as the use of glucocorticoids, very valuable in situations of systemic presentation, as seen in our patients...

Síndrome Dress: Presentación de un caso y actualización / Dress syndrome: A case report and a review

El síndrome de sensibilidad a drogas con eosinofília y síntomas sistémicos, (DRESS) es una reacción grave de hipersensibilidad a drogas, caracterizada por: exantema, fiebre, adenopatías, afectación de órganos internos y alteraciones hematológicas. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 30 años con antecedentes de episodios convulsivos, quien estaba medicado con carbamazepina, presentó un cuadro de siete días de evolución, con exantema máculo-papular confluente que se generalizó, hasta comprometer casi toda la superficie corporal, acompañado de conjuntivitis, fiebre, cefalea y poliadenopatías. Los parámetros clínicos demostraron leucocitosis con células atípicas y alteraciones de las pruebas de función hepática. La biopsia de piel fue compatible con reacción medicamentosa, que confirmó el diagnóstico de síndrome DRESS, suspendiéndose el fármaco desencadenante, presentando franca mejoría clínica y de laboratorio, luego de la administración de corticoides. Se describe su patogenia, criterios diagnósticos, características clínicas y terapéutica existente en la actualidad.

DRESS syndrome is a severe hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, characterized by: rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, involvement of internal organs and blood disorders. In this work we present the case of a 30 years old man, with a history of seizures that had been receiving carbamazepine and presented during seven days confluent maculo-papular exanthema that spread to almost the entire body, accompanied by conjunctivitis, fever headache, and lymphadenopathy, these clinical parameters showed leucocytosis with atypical cells and alterations in liver function tests. The skin biopsy was consistent with the drug reaction that confirmed the diagnosis of DRESS syndrome. When the drug treatment was interrupted, the patient presented clinical and laboratory improvements, after corticosteroid administration. We describe the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, clinical features and therapeutics available today.

Reacciones medicamentosas severas Síndrome Stevens Johnson y síndrome DRESS / Severe drug reactions Stevens Johnson syndrome and DRESS syndrome

Propósito: revisar y actualizar el síndrome de Steven-Johnson y el síndrome DRESS, que a pesar de no ser las reacciones medicamentosas más frecuentes, sí constituyen las más severas. Fuente de datos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica, expuesta en las bases de datos: Pubmed, Medline y Cochrane. Selección de estudios: limitamos la búsqueda a artículos de revisión de literatura, guías de manejo y metaanálisis, publicados en inglés y español, sin límite en edad o sexo, utilizando términos MESH: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, DRESS syndrome. Los acoplamos a términos como assessment, associations, update y review. Extracción de datos y resultados: realizamos una lectura inicial de 338 trabajos, encontrando que varios de las referencias eran citadas en otros trabajos, por lo que seleccionamos 10 artículos y con base en estos realizamos la lectura crítica, clasificación y ordenamiento, para luego proceder a la redacción del texto. Conclusiones: hemos revisado dos importantes reacciones medicamentosas, entidades con un espectro clínico y etiopatogénico muy distinto, y numerosas asociaciones medicamentosas, sobre las que no existen realmente concensos globales de tratamiento, pero en la que todos los autores revisados coinciden en la suspensión de los medicamentos, como primera línea de tratamiento.

Purpose: to review and update the Stevens-Johnson syndrome and DRESS syndrome, which despite not being the most frequent drug reactions, are the most severe ones. Data sources: we conducted a systematic review of the medical literature, as described in the databases: PubMed, Medline and Cochrane. Study selection: we limited the search to articles of literature review, management guidelines and meta-analysis published in English and Spanish, with no limit on age or sex, using MESH terms: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, DRESS syndrome. We linked them to terms such as assessment, associations, update and review. Data extraction and results: we performed an initial reading of 338 studies, finding that several of the references were cited in other works, so we selected 10 articles and based on this we performed the critical reading, sorting and ordering, and then proceeded to the text drafting. Conclusions: we reviewed two important drug reactions, clinical entities with very different clinical and etiopathogenic spectrum and numerous drug combinations on which there is not a global treatment concensus, but in which all authors agree in the drug suspension as the frst line of treatment.

Síndrome DRESS inducido por minociclina con desarrollo de nefritis intersticial aguda / DRESS syndrome induced by minocycline with development of acute interstitial nephritis

El síndrome DRESS (reacción a medicamentos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos) es una rara y severa reacción de hipersensibilidad, caracterizado por anormalidades hematológicas y compromiso multiorgánico. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 35 años con síndrome DRESS inducido por minociclina, la paciente desarrolló falla renal, nefritis intersticial severa, requiriendo manejo de soporte con hemodiálisis. La función renal se normalizó después de ocho semanas de tratamiento con corticoesteroides. (Acta Med Colomb 2012; 37: 89-92).

DRESS syndrome (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) is a rare and severe hypersensitivity reaction characterized by multiorgan involvement and hematological abnormalities. We present the case of a 35 year old woman with minocycline-induced DRESS syndrome. The patient developed severe interstitial nephritis with renal failure, requiring hemodialysis support management. Renal function returned to normal after eight weeks of treatment with corticosteroids. (Acta Med Colomb 2012; 37: 89-92).

Penicillin V-induced drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms / Erupción cutánea inducida por la penicilina V con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos

DRESS syndrome (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), previously named "drug hypersensitivity syndrome", is a severe adverse drug reaction characterized by skin rash, fever, lymph node enlargement and internal organ involvement. We report on a 7-year old girl who developed DRESS syndrome caused by penicillin V treatment.

El síndrome DRESS (así llamado por las indíciales del inglés "drug reaction with eosinophilia y systemic symptoms ") es una reacción a medicamentos, acompañada por eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos. Conocida anteriormente como "síndrome de hipersensibilidad a los medicamentos, se trata de una reacción adversa severa a los medicamentos, caracterizada por erupción cutánea, fiebre, agrandamiento de los ganglios y compromiso de órganos internos. El presente trabajo reporta el caso de una niña de 7 años de edad, que desarrolló el síndrome DRESS a partir de un tratamiento con penicilina V.